This study aimed to describe the beliefs and perceptions of pregnant women and healthcare providers about physical activity during pregnancy. Using a qualitative approach, 30 pregnant women and the 14 healthcare providers caring for them were interviewed in the second trimester of pregnancy. We included women who maintained, decreased, or stopped physical activity since becoming pregnant. They were divided into low (≤ 8 years) and high schooling (> 8 years). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and guided by three key questions: (1) When does physical activity during pregnancy start to be considered a wrong behavior?; (2) What are the main barriers (biological or others) to physical activity?; and (3) Do the actions of healthcare providers and people close to pregnant women reinforce barriers? Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on recurring themes. All women changed their physical activity behavior (decreased or stopped) when they discovered their pregnancy. Fear of miscarriage, contractions, bleeding, and of causing malformations in the baby were the most reported reasons for decreasing or stopping physical activity. Participants also lacked access to consistent information and healthcare providers’ support on the benefits of physical activity. Despite the current international recommendations to regular physical activity during pregnancy, uncertainty regarding its benefits remains. Interventions to promote physical activity during this period should include the training of healthcare providers so they can advise and discard ideas contrary to mother-child health benefits.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las creencias y percepciones de mujeres embarazadas y profesionales de la salud con respecto a la práctica de actividad física durante el embarazo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se entrevistaron 30 mujeres embarazadas y 14 profesionales de salud que cuidaban a estas mujeres durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo. Se incluyeron mujeres que mantuvieron, redujeron o dejaron de practicar actividad física desde el inicio del embarazo. Ellas se dividieron en baja (≤ 8 años) y alta escolaridad (> 8 años). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, guiadas por tres preguntas clave: (1) ¿Cuándo se considera que la actividad física durante el embarazo es un comportamiento incorrecto? (2) ¿Cuáles son las barreras (biológicas u otras) principales para la práctica de actividad física? (3) ¿Estas barreras se refuerzan por las acciones de los profesionales de salud y de las personas cercanas a la mujer embarazada? Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas a partir de temas recurrentes. Todas las mujeres cambiaron la práctica de actividad física (redujeron o dejaron de practicarla) cuando descubrieron el embarazo. El miedo a sufrir un aborto espontáneo, contracciones y/o sangrado y el miedo a provocar malformaciones en el bebé fueron los motivos más relatados para reducir o dejar de practicar la actividad física. Los participantes también no han tenido acceso a informaciones confiables ni apoyo de los profesionales de salud sobre los beneficios de la actividad física. A pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales actuales para la práctica regular de actividad física durante el embarazo, la incertidumbre cuanto a sus beneficios sigue siendo común. Las intervenciones para promover la actividad física durante este periodo deben incluir la capacitación de profesionales de salud para que puedan aconsejar y descartar ideas contrarias a los beneficios para la salud materna e infantil.

Este estudo objetivou descrever as crenças e percepções de gestantes e profissionais de saúde em relação a prática de atividade física durante a gestação. Usando uma abordagem qualitativa, 30 gestantes e 14 profissionais de saúde que atendiam essas mulheres foram entrevistados durante o segundo trimestre de gravidez. Foram incluídas mulheres que mantiveram, diminuíram ou pararam de praticar atividade física desde o início gravidez. Elas foram divididas em baixa (≤ 8 anos) e alta escolaridade (> 8 anos). Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas e aprofundadas, orientadas por três perguntas-chave: (1) Quando a atividade física durante a gestação passa a ser considerada um comportamento errado? (2) Quais as principais barreiras (biológicas ou outras) para a prática de atividade física? (3) Estas barreiras são reforçadas pelas ações dos profissionais de saúde e das pessoas próximas à gestante? As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas a partir de temas recorrentes. Todas as mulheres mudaram a prática de atividade física (diminuíram ou pararam) quando souberam da gravidez. O medo de aborto espontâneo, contrações e/ou sangramento e o medo de causar malformações no bebê foram os motivos mais relatados para diminuir ou parar a atividade física. Os participantes também não tiveram acesso a informações confiáveis e apoio dos profissionais de saúde sobre os benefícios da atividade física. Apesar das recomendações internacionais atuais para a prática regular de atividade física durante a gestação, a incerteza quanto aos seus benefícios continua sendo comum. As intervenções para promover a atividade física durante esse período devem incluir o treinamento de profissionais de saúde para que eles possam aconselhar e descartar ideias contrárias aos benefícios para a saúde materna e infantil.

This study aimed to describe the beliefs and perceptions of pregnant women and healthcare providers about physical activity during pregnancy. Using a qualitative approach, 30 pregnant women and the 14 healthcare providers caring for them were interviewed in the second trimester of pregnancy. We included women who maintained, decreased, or stopped physical activity since becoming pregnant. They were divided into low (≤ 8 years) and high schooling (> 8 years). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and guided by three key questions: (1) When does physical activity during pregnancy start to be considered a wrong behavior?; (2) What are the main barriers (biological or others) to physical activity?; and (3) Do the actions of healthcare providers and people close to pregnant women reinforce barriers? Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on recurring themes. All women changed their physical activity behavior (decreased or stopped) when they discovered their pregnancy. Fear of miscarriage, contractions, bleeding, and of causing malformations in the baby were the most reported reasons for decreasing or stopping physical activity. Participants also lacked access to consistent information and healthcare providers’ support on the benefits of physical activity. Despite the current international recommendations to regular physical activity during pregnancy, uncertainty regarding its benefits remains. Interventions to promote physical activity during this period should include the training of healthcare providers so they can advise and discard ideas contrary to mother-child health benefits.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las creencias y percepciones de mujeres embarazadas y profesionales de la salud con respecto a la práctica de actividad física durante el embarazo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se entrevistaron 30 mujeres embarazadas y 14 profesionales de salud que cuidaban a estas mujeres durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo. Se incluyeron mujeres que mantuvieron, redujeron o dejaron de practicar actividad física desde el inicio del embarazo. Ellas se dividieron en baja (≤ 8 años) y alta escolaridad (> 8 años). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, guiadas por tres preguntas clave: (1) ¿Cuándo se considera que la actividad física durante el embarazo es un comportamiento incorrecto? (2) ¿Cuáles son las barreras (biológicas u otras) principales para la práctica de actividad física? (3) ¿Estas barreras se refuerzan por las acciones de los profesionales de salud y de las personas cercanas a la mujer embarazada? Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas a partir de temas recurrentes. Todas las mujeres cambiaron la práctica de actividad física (redujeron o dejaron de practicarla) cuando descubrieron el embarazo. El miedo a sufrir un aborto espontáneo, contracciones y/o sangrado y el miedo a provocar malformaciones en el bebé fueron los motivos más relatados para reducir o dejar de practicar la actividad física. Los participantes también no han tenido acceso a informaciones confiables ni apoyo de los profesionales de salud sobre los beneficios de la actividad física. A pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales actuales para la práctica regular de actividad física durante el embarazo, la incertidumbre cuanto a sus beneficios sigue siendo común. Las intervenciones para promover la actividad física durante este periodo deben incluir la capacitación de profesionales de salud para que puedan aconsejar y descartar ideas contrarias a los beneficios para la salud materna e infantil.

Este estudo objetivou descrever as crenças e percepções de gestantes e profissionais de saúde em relação a prática de atividade física durante a gestação. Usando uma abordagem qualitativa, 30 gestantes e 14 profissionais de saúde que atendiam essas mulheres foram entrevistados durante o segundo trimestre de gravidez. Foram incluídas mulheres que mantiveram, diminuíram ou pararam de praticar atividade física desde o início gravidez. Elas foram divididas em baixa (≤ 8 anos) e alta escolaridade (> 8 anos). Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas e aprofundadas, orientadas por três perguntas-chave: (1) Quando a atividade física durante a gestação passa a ser considerada um comportamento errado? (2) Quais as principais barreiras (biológicas ou outras) para a prática de atividade física? (3) Estas barreiras são reforçadas pelas ações dos profissionais de saúde e das pessoas próximas à gestante? As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas a partir de temas recorrentes. Todas as mulheres mudaram a prática de atividade física (diminuíram ou pararam) quando souberam da gravidez. O medo de aborto espontâneo, contrações e/ou sangramento e o medo de causar malformações no bebê foram os motivos mais relatados para diminuir ou parar a atividade física. Os participantes também não tiveram acesso a informações confiáveis e apoio dos profissionais de saúde sobre os benefícios da atividade física. Apesar das recomendações internacionais atuais para a prática regular de atividade física durante a gestação, a incerteza quanto aos seus benefícios continua sendo comum. As intervenções para promover a atividade física durante esse período devem incluir o treinamento de profissionais de saúde para que eles possam aconselhar e descartar ideias contrárias aos benefícios para a saúde materna e infantil.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to translate and cross-culturally adapt the telehealth usability questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: This was a methodological validation study carried out in two phases. In phase 1, the telehealth usability questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted with 10 participants comprising the expert committee members, including 5 healthcare professionals with theoretical and practical knowledge of telehealth, 1 methodologist, and 4 translators. This phase was performed at Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Physiotherapy Clinic School. In phase 2, the psychometric properties of telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil were analyzed. This phase included in-person assessments at Márcio Cunha Hospital, Minas Gerais. The recruitment period for both phases was from April 2020 to February 2021. Content validity, reliability, internal consistency, and criterion validity were analyzed. The criterion validity was evaluated using correlation with a validated instrument: the system usability scale. RESULTS: The telehealth usability questionnaire was adequately translated and cross-culturally adapted. The telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil presented an excellent content validity index of 0.96 with percentages of understanding higher than 90%. The telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil demonstrated great internal consistency (α=0.94 and ω=0.94), excellent intra-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.85, 95%CI 0.75–0.91), no difference between the test and retest [T (0.425), p>0.673], and no proportional bias (p=0.205). There was a moderate correlation between telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil and the system usability scale (r=0.52, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The telehealth usability questionnaire was adequately translated and cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese and showed adequate psychometric properties for use in telehealth clinical practice and research in Brazilian-Portuguese-speaking individuals.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos, de doenças crônicas e do recebimento de orientações em saúde no padrão alimentar de idosos. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar reduzido aplicado a 1.426 idosos residentes em Pelotas, RS, Brasil e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por análise de componentes principais. Dois padrões foram identificados: saudável (alimentos integrais, frutas, legumes/verduras e leite) e ocidental (doces, frituras, alimentos congelados, embutidos e “fast food”). Mulheres, não fumantes e não dependentes alcoólicos aderiam mais ao padrão saudável, enquanto que homens, fumantes, dependentes alcóolicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso aderiam mais ao padrão ocidental. Maior renda e escolaridade estiveram associadas à maior adesão de ambos os padrões e a presença de doenças crônicas não esteve associada a nenhum padrão. O recebimento de orientações para hábitos saudáveis esteve associado à maior adesão ao padrão saudável e menor ao padrão ocidental. Há necessidade do fortalecimento de orientações eficazes sobre hábitos saudáveis nos serviços de saúde, com especial atenção para idosos do sexo masculino, tabagistas, dependentes alcoólicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso.

Abstract This cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors, chronic diseases, and health counseling on dietary patterns of the elderly. Food consumption was assessed by means of a reduced eating frequency questionnaire distributed to 1,426 elderly residents in Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and dietary patterns were obtained using main component analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy diet (wholegrain food, fruits, vegetables, and milk) and Western diet (sweet snacks, fried foods, frozen foods, processed meats, and fast food). Females, non-smokers, and alcohol-free individuals tended more toward the healthy diet, whereas males, smokers, alcohol-dependent, and overweight individuals tended more toward the Western diet. Higher income and schooling were associated with a higher tendency toward both diets, and chronic diseases were not associated with either diet. Receiving counseling for adopting healthy habits was associated with a higher tendency toward a healthy diet and a lower tendency toward the Western diet. There is a need to increase effective guidance on healthy habits by health services to promote healthier eating practices, with special attention to elderly males, smokers, alcohol-dependent and overweight individuals.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos, de doenças crônicas e do recebimento de orientações em saúde no padrão alimentar de idosos. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar reduzido aplicado a 1.426 idosos residentes em Pelotas, RS, Brasil e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por análise de componentes principais. Dois padrões foram identificados: saudável (alimentos integrais, frutas, legumes/verduras e leite) e ocidental (doces, frituras, alimentos congelados, embutidos e “fast food”). Mulheres, não fumantes e não dependentes alcoólicos aderiam mais ao padrão saudável, enquanto que homens, fumantes, dependentes alcóolicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso aderiam mais ao padrão ocidental. Maior renda e escolaridade estiveram associadas à maior adesão de ambos os padrões e a presença de doenças crônicas não esteve associada a nenhum padrão. O recebimento de orientações para hábitos saudáveis esteve associado à maior adesão ao padrão saudável e menor ao padrão ocidental. Há necessidade do fortalecimento de orientações eficazes sobre hábitos saudáveis nos serviços de saúde, com especial atenção para idosos do sexo masculino, tabagistas, dependentes alcoólicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso.

Abstract This cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors, chronic diseases, and health counseling on dietary patterns of the elderly. Food consumption was assessed by means of a reduced eating frequency questionnaire distributed to 1,426 elderly residents in Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and dietary patterns were obtained using main component analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy diet (wholegrain food, fruits, vegetables, and milk) and Western diet (sweet snacks, fried foods, frozen foods, processed meats, and fast food). Females, non-smokers, and alcohol-free individuals tended more toward the healthy diet, whereas males, smokers, alcohol-dependent, and overweight individuals tended more toward the Western diet. Higher income and schooling were associated with a higher tendency toward both diets, and chronic diseases were not associated with either diet. Receiving counseling for adopting healthy habits was associated with a higher tendency toward a healthy diet and a lower tendency toward the Western diet. There is a need to increase effective guidance on healthy habits by health services to promote healthier eating practices, with special attention to elderly males, smokers, alcohol-dependent and overweight individuals.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of some mental disorders and suicide risk, and the association between them in youths. METHODS Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil) was used. The prevalence of mental disorders at 22 years [major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorders type 1 and 2 (BD1; BD2), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and antisocial personality disorder (APD)] and of suicide risk were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (n = 3,781). Comorbidity between disorders was also assessed. Association of each mental disorder and the number of disorders with suicide risk was assessed using Poisson regression. RESULTS The prevalence of any mental disorder was 19.1% (95%CI 17.8–20.3), and GAD was the most prevalent (10.4%; 95%CI 9.5–11.4). The prevalence of current suicide risk was 8.8% (95%CI 5.9–9.7). All disorders (except APD) and the suicide risk were higher among women. Mental disorders were associated with a higher suicide risk, with the highest risks being observed for MDD (RR = 5.6; 95%CI 4.1–7.8) and PTSD (RR = 5.0; 95%CI 3.9–6.3). The higher the number of co-occurring mental disorders, the higher the risk of suicide. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that about 20% of the youths had at least one mental disorder. However, this prevalence is underestimated since other relevant mental disorders were not assessed. Mental disorders were associated with higher suicide risk, especially the comorbidity between them.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of some mental disorders and suicide risk, and the association between them in youths. METHODS Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil) was used. The prevalence of mental disorders at 22 years [major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorders type 1 and 2 (BD1; BD2), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and antisocial personality disorder (APD)] and of suicide risk were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (n = 3,781). Comorbidity between disorders was also assessed. Association of each mental disorder and the number of disorders with suicide risk was assessed using Poisson regression. RESULTS The prevalence of any mental disorder was 19.1% (95%CI 17.8–20.3), and GAD was the most prevalent (10.4%; 95%CI 9.5–11.4). The prevalence of current suicide risk was 8.8% (95%CI 5.9–9.7). All disorders (except APD) and the suicide risk were higher among women. Mental disorders were associated with a higher suicide risk, with the highest risks being observed for MDD (RR = 5.6; 95%CI 4.1–7.8) and PTSD (RR = 5.0; 95%CI 3.9–6.3). The higher the number of co-occurring mental disorders, the higher the risk of suicide. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that about 20% of the youths had at least one mental disorder. However, this prevalence is underestimated since other relevant mental disorders were not assessed. Mental disorders were associated with higher suicide risk, especially the comorbidity between them.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To explore the association between adiposity, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and to assess the role of inflammation, diet quality and physical activity in this association. METHODS We used data from 2,977 individuals from the 1993 Pelotas Cohort (Brazil) who attended the 18- and 22-year follow-ups. We assessed general obesity using body mass index, fat mass index, and abdominal obesity using waist circumference. Major Depressive Disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were assessed using the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview. C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were used as a measure of inflammation; diet quality was estimated using the revised diet quality index, and physical activity was assessed by the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ, min/day). The association between adiposity and major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder was assessed using logistic regression, and the natural indirect effect via the mediators was estimated using G-computation. RESULTS General obesity assessed by body mass index (OR: 2.3; 95% CI:1.13; 4.85), fat mass index (OR: 2.6; 95%CI: 1.37; 4.83), and abdominal obesity (OR: 2.5; 95%CI: 1.18; 5.39) were associated with higher odds of major depressive disorder, whereas major depressive disorder was only associated with obesity assessed by body mass index (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.09; 3.46). Obesity and generalized anxiety disorder were not associated. C-reactive protein, diet quality and physical activity did not mediate the effect of obesity on major depressive disorder, and C-reactive protein mediated about 25% of the effect of major depressive disorder on adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Depression, but not generalized anxiety disorder, is associated with adiposity in both directions, with a stronger evidence for the direction obesity-depression. Inflammation explains part of the effect of major depressive disorder on obesity but not the other way around. Further research should explore other mechanisms that could be involved in the association between obesity and depression.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To explore the association between adiposity, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and to assess the role of inflammation, diet quality and physical activity in this association. METHODS We used data from 2,977 individuals from the 1993 Pelotas Cohort (Brazil) who attended the 18- and 22-year follow-ups. We assessed general obesity using body mass index, fat mass index, and abdominal obesity using waist circumference. Major Depressive Disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were assessed using the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview. C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were used as a measure of inflammation; diet quality was estimated using the revised diet quality index, and physical activity was assessed by the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ, min/day). The association between adiposity and major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder was assessed using logistic regression, and the natural indirect effect via the mediators was estimated using G-computation. RESULTS General obesity assessed by body mass index (OR: 2.3; 95% CI:1.13; 4.85), fat mass index (OR: 2.6; 95%CI: 1.37; 4.83), and abdominal obesity (OR: 2.5; 95%CI: 1.18; 5.39) were associated with higher odds of major depressive disorder, whereas major depressive disorder was only associated with obesity assessed by body mass index (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.09; 3.46). Obesity and generalized anxiety disorder were not associated. C-reactive protein, diet quality and physical activity did not mediate the effect of obesity on major depressive disorder, and C-reactive protein mediated about 25% of the effect of major depressive disorder on adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Depression, but not generalized anxiety disorder, is associated with adiposity in both directions, with a stronger evidence for the direction obesity-depression. Inflammation explains part of the effect of major depressive disorder on obesity but not the other way around. Further research should explore other mechanisms that could be involved in the association between obesity and depression.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo preliminar tem por objetivo identificar e comparar características relacionadas ao comportamento violento em pacientes com esquizofrenia internados em um hospital psiquiátrico utilizando o Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management 20 (HCR-20), a Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), e dados sociodemográficos. Método: Foram selecionados participantes com e sem histórico de comportamento violento, referidos nos relatórios de internação hospitalar. Participantes violentos e com escore total do HCR-20 ≥ 21 na internação foram selecionados para o grupo violento. Participantes não violentos com escore total do HCR-20 < 21 na internação foram selecionados para o grupo não violento. A MOAS foi aplicada para caracterizar o grau de severidade do comportamento violento. Resultados: O HCR-20 e suas subescalas foram eficazes na diferenciação entre os participantes dos grupos. Doze dos 20 itens do HCR-20 foram úteis na diferenciação entre os grupos, apesar do escore total do HCR-20 ter sido mais confiável quando aplicado ao grupo não violento. A MOAS não apresentou graus de severidade elevados para os tipos de agressividade observados nos participantes. Conclusão: O HCR-20 foi útil e confiável na distinção entre pacientes esquizofrênicos violentos e não violentos em ambiente psiquiátrico clínico, já que a análise dos itens identificou as características mais relevantes em cada grupo. O uso do HCR-20 em ambientes psiquiátricos clínicos deveria ser encorajado.

Abstract Objective: This preliminary study aimed to identify and compare characteristics related to violent behavior in inpatients with schizophrenia at a general psychiatric hospital using the Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management 20 (HCR-20), the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), and sociodemographic data. Method: Violent and nonviolent participants were selected based on psychiatric admission reports. Participants with reports of aggressive behavior and HCR-20 total score ≥ 21 upon admission were assigned to the violent patient group. Participants without aggressive behavior and with HCR-20 total score < 21 upon admission were assigned to the nonviolent patient group. The MOAS was applied to characterize the degree of severity of the violent behavior. Results: HCR-20 and its subscales were effective in differentiating between the violent and nonviolent participant groups. Twelve of the 20 HCR-20 items were useful for distinguishing between the groups, although total HCR-20 scores were more reliable when applied to the nonviolent patient group. The MOAS did not show high degrees of severity for the types of aggression observed in the participants. Conclusion: HCR-20 was useful and reliable for distinguishing between violent and nonviolent patients with schizophrenia in this clinical psychiatric setting. Item analysis identified the most relevant characteristics in each group. The use of the HCR-20 in clinical psychiatric settings should be encouraged.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a associação entre recebimento de orientações por profissionais de saúde e comportamentos saudáveis entre idosos. Métodos: estudo transversal de base populacional com idosos (≥60 anos) entrevistados em 2014; utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas das associações entre recebimento de orientações sobre redução do sal, açúcar e gordura, e prática de atividade física, disponibilizadas por profissionais de saúde no ano anterior à entrevista, e apresentação de comportamentos saudáveis. Resultados: foram incluídos 1.281 idosos; após os ajustes, idosos que referiram receber orientações de profissionais de saúde relataram redução do consumo de sal (RP 1,64; IC95% 1,41;1,91) e de açúcar e doces (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,08;1,36) e maior prática de atividade física (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,06;1,39), em comparação aos idosos que não receberam orientação. Conclusão: as orientações realizadas por profissionais de saúde parecem favorecer a prática de hábitos saudáveis em idosos.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the association between counseling by health care professionals and healthy behaviors among the elderly. Methods: population-based, cross-sectional study with elderly individuals (≥60 years) interviewed in 2014; Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of associations between counseling by health professionals on the reduction of salt, sugar and fat and on the practice of physical activity during the year previous to the interview and healthy behaviors. Results: 1,281 elderly individuals were interviewed; after adjustments, the elderly who mentioned receiving counseling by health professionals reported reduction in the intake of salt (PR 1.64; 95%CI 1.41;1.91), sugar and sweets (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.08;1.36) and greater practice of physical activity (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.06;1.39), when compared to the elderly who had not received any counseling. Conclusion: the counseling carried out by health professionals seems to favor the practice of healthy habits among elderly individuals.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre el recibimiento de orientaciones de profesionales de salud y conductas saludables entre adultos mayores. Métodos: estudio transversal, de base poblacional con adultos mayores (≥60 años) en 2014; utilizamos regresión de Poisson para estimar razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas, sobre la asociaciones entre recibir orientaciones referentes a reducción de sal, azúcar y grasa y práctica de actividad física, administradas por profesionales de salud en el año anterior a la entrevista y comportamientos saludables. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.281 adultos mayores; después de los ajustes, los que repesortaron recibir orientaciones de profesionales de salud tuvieron reducción de ingesta de sal (RP 1,64; IC95% 1,41;1,91), azúcar (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,08;1,36) y mayor práctica de actividad física (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,06;1,39) en comparación con los que no recibieron. Conclusión: las orientaciones realizadas por profesionales de salud parecen favorecer la práctica de hábitos saludables en adultos mayores.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a associação entre recebimento de orientações por profissionais de saúde e comportamentos saudáveis entre idosos. Métodos: estudo transversal de base populacional com idosos (≥60 anos) entrevistados em 2014; utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas das associações entre recebimento de orientações sobre redução do sal, açúcar e gordura, e prática de atividade física, disponibilizadas por profissionais de saúde no ano anterior à entrevista, e apresentação de comportamentos saudáveis. Resultados: foram incluídos 1.281 idosos; após os ajustes, idosos que referiram receber orientações de profissionais de saúde relataram redução do consumo de sal (RP 1,64; IC95% 1,41;1,91) e de açúcar e doces (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,08;1,36) e maior prática de atividade física (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,06;1,39), em comparação aos idosos que não receberam orientação. Conclusão: as orientações realizadas por profissionais de saúde parecem favorecer a prática de hábitos saudáveis em idosos.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the association between counseling by health care professionals and healthy behaviors among the elderly. Methods: population-based, cross-sectional study with elderly individuals (≥60 years) interviewed in 2014; Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of associations between counseling by health professionals on the reduction of salt, sugar and fat and on the practice of physical activity during the year previous to the interview and healthy behaviors. Results: 1,281 elderly individuals were interviewed; after adjustments, the elderly who mentioned receiving counseling by health professionals reported reduction in the intake of salt (PR 1.64; 95%CI 1.41;1.91), sugar and sweets (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.08;1.36) and greater practice of physical activity (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.06;1.39), when compared to the elderly who had not received any counseling. Conclusion: the counseling carried out by health professionals seems to favor the practice of healthy habits among elderly individuals.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre el recibimiento de orientaciones de profesionales de salud y conductas saludables entre adultos mayores. Métodos: estudio transversal, de base poblacional con adultos mayores (≥60 años) en 2014; utilizamos regresión de Poisson para estimar razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas, sobre la asociaciones entre recibir orientaciones referentes a reducción de sal, azúcar y grasa y práctica de actividad física, administradas por profesionales de salud en el año anterior a la entrevista y comportamientos saludables. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.281 adultos mayores; después de los ajustes, los que repesortaron recibir orientaciones de profesionales de salud tuvieron reducción de ingesta de sal (RP 1,64; IC95% 1,41;1,91), azúcar (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,08;1,36) y mayor práctica de actividad física (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,06;1,39) en comparación con los que no recibieron. Conclusión: las orientaciones realizadas por profesionales de salud parecen favorecer la práctica de hábitos saludables en adultos mayores.

Este estudo investigou a relação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI) e desses concomitantemente (PCEI) no início da adolescência (11 anos) e o consumo de substâncias (bebidas alcoólicas, tabaco e drogas ilícitas) aos 15 anos, utilizando dados da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993. Os problemas de comportamento foram avaliados pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) aplicado às mães quando os filhos tinham 15 anos. O consumo de substâncias foi avaliado por meio de questionário sigiloso autoaplicado ao adolescente. A associação entre problemas de comportamento e uso de substâncias foi analisada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, os adolescentes com PCE tiveram maior risco para consumo abusivo de álcool (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) e para experimentação (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23) e uso de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Os adolescentes com PCI tiveram maior risco de experimentar tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) e de utilizá-lo nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Os adolescentes com PCEI apresentaram maior risco para experimentação (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) e consumo de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), e menor risco de experimentação de álcool aos 15 anos (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Ações de saúde pública que atuem na redução dos problemas de comportamento no início da adolescência poderão diminuir o consumo de tabaco e de bebidas alcoólicas aos 15 anos.

This study investigated the relationship between externalizing behavior problems (EBP), internalizing behavior problems (IBP), and combined externalizing/internalizing behavior problems (EIBP) in early adolescence (11 years) and substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs) at 15 years, using data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Behavior problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), applied to mothers when their children were 15 years old. Substance use was assessed with a self-applied confidential questionnaire for the adolescent. The association between behavior problems and substance use was analyzed with Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance. After adjusting for confounding, adolescents with EBP showed higher risk of alcohol abuse (RR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.21; 2.50) and experimentation (RR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.42; 2,23) and tobacco use in the previous 30 days (RR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.64; 3.45). Adolescents with IBP showed greater risk of having tried tobacco (RR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.22; 1.93) and of having used tobacco products in the previous 30 days (RR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.31; 2.83). Adolescents with EIBP showed greater risk of trying (RR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.57; 3.21) and consuming tobacco products in the previous days (RR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.63; 5.56), and lower risk of having tried alcohol at 15 years of age (RR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.55; 0.94). Public health measures aimed at reducing behavior problems in early adolescence can help reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption at 15 years.

Este estudio investigó la relación entre los problemas de comportamiento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI), y los que se producían concomitantemente (PCEI), al comienzo de la adolescencia (11 años) y el consumo de sustancias como: bebidas alcohólicas, tabaco y drogas ilícitas a los 15 años, utilizando datos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Brasil, de 1993. Los problemas de comportamiento fueron evaluados por el Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), aplicado a las madres cuando los hijos tenían 15 años. El consumo de sustancias se evaluó mediante un cuestionario anónimo, realizado por el propio adolescente. La asociación entre problemas de comportamiento y el uso de sustancias se analizó mediante la regresión de Poisson, con un ajuste robusto de variancia. Tras el ajuste para los factores de confusión, los adolescentes con PCE tuvieron un riesgo mayor de consumo abusivo de alcohol (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) y de probar estas sustancias (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23), además del consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Los adolescentes con PCI tuvieron un mayor riesgo de probar el tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) y de consumirlo durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Los adolescentes con PCEI presentaron un mayor riesgo de probar estas sustancias (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) y consumir tabaco durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), y menor riesgo de probar el alcohol a los 15 años (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Se requieren acciones de salud pública que actúen en la reducción de los problemas de comportamiento al principio de la adolescencia, puesto que podrían disminuir el consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas a los 15 años.

Este estudo investigou a relação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI) e desses concomitantemente (PCEI) no início da adolescência (11 anos) e o consumo de substâncias (bebidas alcoólicas, tabaco e drogas ilícitas) aos 15 anos, utilizando dados da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993. Os problemas de comportamento foram avaliados pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) aplicado às mães quando os filhos tinham 15 anos. O consumo de substâncias foi avaliado por meio de questionário sigiloso autoaplicado ao adolescente. A associação entre problemas de comportamento e uso de substâncias foi analisada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, os adolescentes com PCE tiveram maior risco para consumo abusivo de álcool (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) e para experimentação (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23) e uso de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Os adolescentes com PCI tiveram maior risco de experimentar tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) e de utilizá-lo nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Os adolescentes com PCEI apresentaram maior risco para experimentação (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) e consumo de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), e menor risco de experimentação de álcool aos 15 anos (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Ações de saúde pública que atuem na redução dos problemas de comportamento no início da adolescência poderão diminuir o consumo de tabaco e de bebidas alcoólicas aos 15 anos.

This study investigated the relationship between externalizing behavior problems (EBP), internalizing behavior problems (IBP), and combined externalizing/internalizing behavior problems (EIBP) in early adolescence (11 years) and substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs) at 15 years, using data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Behavior problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), applied to mothers when their children were 15 years old. Substance use was assessed with a self-applied confidential questionnaire for the adolescent. The association between behavior problems and substance use was analyzed with Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance. After adjusting for confounding, adolescents with EBP showed higher risk of alcohol abuse (RR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.21; 2.50) and experimentation (RR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.42; 2,23) and tobacco use in the previous 30 days (RR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.64; 3.45). Adolescents with IBP showed greater risk of having tried tobacco (RR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.22; 1.93) and of having used tobacco products in the previous 30 days (RR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.31; 2.83). Adolescents with EIBP showed greater risk of trying (RR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.57; 3.21) and consuming tobacco products in the previous days (RR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.63; 5.56), and lower risk of having tried alcohol at 15 years of age (RR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.55; 0.94). Public health measures aimed at reducing behavior problems in early adolescence can help reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption at 15 years.

Este estudio investigó la relación entre los problemas de comportamiento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI), y los que se producían concomitantemente (PCEI), al comienzo de la adolescencia (11 años) y el consumo de sustancias como: bebidas alcohólicas, tabaco y drogas ilícitas a los 15 años, utilizando datos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Brasil, de 1993. Los problemas de comportamiento fueron evaluados por el Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), aplicado a las madres cuando los hijos tenían 15 años. El consumo de sustancias se evaluó mediante un cuestionario anónimo, realizado por el propio adolescente. La asociación entre problemas de comportamiento y el uso de sustancias se analizó mediante la regresión de Poisson, con un ajuste robusto de variancia. Tras el ajuste para los factores de confusión, los adolescentes con PCE tuvieron un riesgo mayor de consumo abusivo de alcohol (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) y de probar estas sustancias (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23), además del consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Los adolescentes con PCI tuvieron un mayor riesgo de probar el tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) y de consumirlo durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Los adolescentes con PCEI presentaron un mayor riesgo de probar estas sustancias (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) y consumir tabaco durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), y menor riesgo de probar el alcohol a los 15 años (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Se requieren acciones de salud pública que actúen en la reducción de los problemas de comportamiento al principio de la adolescencia, puesto que podrían disminuir el consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas a los 15 años.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This systematic review study aimed to assess the evidence available for the association between breastfeeding and behavior disorders in childhood and adolescence. METHODS The search was carried out in the PubMed, Lilacs, and PsycINFO databases up to December 2016. Inclusion criteria were as follows: prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies assessing the association between breastfeeding and behavior disorders in childhood or adolescence, using psychometric tests, carried out in humans and published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. The search was performed in several stages by two independent researchers using pre-established criteria. RESULTS Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Breastfeeding for a period equal to or higher than three or four months seemed to be inversely associated with total behavior and conduct disorders in childhood; however, the association remains unclear for other behavior disorders. Only four studies assessed behavior disorders in adolescence, and when an association was found, it was likely to be positive. The duration of breastfeeding seemed to be more important than the exclusive or non-exclusive pattern of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS Breastfed children for at least three to four months had fewer total behavior and conduct disorders in childhood. Further studies are needed to better understand this association, particularly in adolescence and involving other behavioral profiles.